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Voluntarism (metaphysics)
Voluntarism is a school of thought that regards the will as superior to the intellect and to emotion. This description has been applied to various points of view, from different cultural eras, in the areas of metaphysics, psychology, sociology, and theology.
The term voluntarism was introduced by Ferdinand Tönnies into the philosophical literature and particularly used by Wilhelm Wundt and Friedrich Paulsen. The etymology of the word is from Latin (''voluntas'': the will, the desire; also: arbitrariness).
Will Durant, in the glossary to ''The Story of Philosophy'', defines voluntarism as "the doctrine that will is the basic factor, both in the universe and in human conduct."
==Medieval voluntarism==
Associated with John Duns Scotus and William of Ockham (two of the foremost medieval scholastic philosophers), voluntarism is generally taken to be the philosophical emphasis on the divine will and human freedom. For example, Scotus held that morality comes from God's will and choice rather than his intellect or knowledge. Accordingly, God should be defined as an omnipotent〔http://www.covenantseminary.edu/worldwide/en/CH310/CH310_T_35.html〕 being whose actions should not and cannot be ultimately rationalized and explained through reason. As such, voluntarism is usually contrasted with intellectualism, championed by the scholastic Thomas Aquinas.
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